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=Power Adapter Barrel Connector Compatibility=
== Using Barrel Power Supplies Safely ==
 
'''Warning: Using the wrong PSU can irreparably damage your hardware.'''
 
Many retro consoles and computers used simple barrel-type power connectors, but voltages, currents, and polarity standards varied widely between manufacturers. 
While some systems can safely share power supplies, others use opposite polarity or different voltage requirements that can cause permanent damage if mixed. 
 
The compatibility matrices below group systems by connector size and clearly show which combinations are safe, underpowered, or dangerous. 
Always consult the tables rather than assuming compatibility.
 
=Power Adapter Information=


{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Power Adapter Barrel Connector Compatibility Table'''
|+ '''Power Supply Barrel Connector Table'''<ref>Based on specifications from [https://junkerhq.net/xrgb/index.php?title=The_Console_Power_Supply_Bible#The_Console_Power_Supply_Bible|The Console Power Supply Bible], used as source for voltage, amperage, and polarity details.</ref>
! scope="col"| System
! scope="col"| System
! scope="col"| Voltage
! scope="col"| Voltage
Line 10: Line 20:
! scope="col"| Official PSU Model
! scope="col"| Official PSU Model
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Group 1 – 9V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Negative
! colspan="6" style="background:#c8e6c9;"| Group 1 – 5V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Positive
|-
| Neo Geo AES (later PRO-POW-3 / E) || 5V DC || 3.0A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || PRO-POW-3 / PRO-POW-E
|-
| Neo Geo CD (Front & Top Loader) || 5V DC || 3.0A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || Neo Geo CD PSU
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#ede7f6;"| Group 2 – 6V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
|-
| Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01) || 6V DC || 0.7A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || DMG-03 / MGB-005
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#e8f5e9;"| Group 3 – 7.5V DC, 4.0mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
|-
| Sony PlayStation (PS1) || 7.5V DC || 2.0A || 4.0 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || SCPH-113
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Group 4 – 9V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Negative
|-
|-
| ZX Spectrum +2 / +2A / +3 || 9V DC || 2.1A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || Sinclair PSU (various OEM)
| ZX Spectrum +2 / +2A / +3 || 9V DC || 2.1A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || Sinclair PSU (various OEM)
|-
| NEC PC Engine Duo / TurboDuo || 9V DC || 1.5A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || DUO-AC
|-
|-
| Sega Saturn || 9V DC || 1.5A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-2103
| Sega Saturn || 9V DC || 1.5A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-2103
|-
|-
| Super Nintendo (PAL) || 9V DC || 1.3A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || SNSP-002E(FRG)
| Nintendo NES (PAL) || 9V DC || 1.3A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || NES-002E
|-
| Nintento SNES (PAL) || 9V DC || 1.3A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || SNSP-002E(FRG)
|-
| Atari Jaguar / Jaguar CD || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || PA-1400 / MK-4120
|-
|-
| NES (PAL) || 9V DC || 1.3A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || NES-002E
| Sega CD (Model 1 & 2) || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-1602
|-
| Sega Master System || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-3025
|-
|-
| Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 1) || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-1602-05
| Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 1) || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-1602-05
|-
|-
| Sega Master System || 9V DC || 1.2A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-3025
| NEC PC Engine / CoreGrafx / TurboGrafx-16 || 9V DC || 0.85A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || HES-ACA-01 / Turbo AC Adapter
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Group 2 – 9V DC, 3.5mm × 1.35mm, Centre Negative
! colspan="6" style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Group 5 – 9V DC, 3.5mm × 1.35mm, Centre Negative
|-
|-
| ZX Spectrum (16/48K) || 9V DC || 1.4A || 3.5 × 1.35mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || Sinclair PSU
| ZX Spectrum (16/48K) || 9V DC || 1.4A || 3.5 × 1.35mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || Sinclair PSU
Line 32: Line 64:
| Atari 2600 (VCS) || 9V DC || 0.5A || 3.5 × 1.35mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || C017945
| Atari 2600 (VCS) || 9V DC || 0.5A || 3.5 × 1.35mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || C017945
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#fff3e0;"| Group 3 – 9V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
! colspan="6" style="background:#fff3e0;"| Group 6 – 9V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
|-
|-
| Sega Game Gear || 9V DC || 1.2A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-2103 (shared PSU with Saturn in some regions)
| Sega Game Gear || 9V DC || 1.2A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || MK-2103 (shared PSU with Saturn in some regions)
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#ede7f6;"| Group 4 – 6V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
! colspan="6" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Group 7 – 9–10V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Positive (see note)
|-
| Game Boy (DMG-01) || 6V DC || 0.7A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || DMG-03 / MGB-005
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Group 5 – 9–10V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Positive
|-
|-
| Atari Lynx (Model 1) || 9V DC || 1.0A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || PA-1400
| Atari Lynx (Model 1) || 9V DC || 1.0A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || PA-1400
|-
|-
| Atari Lynx (Model 2) || 9V DC || 1.0A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || PA-1400
| Atari Lynx (Model 2) || 9V DC || 1.0A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || PA-1400
|-
| Sega 32X || 10V DC || 0.85A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || MK-1633
|-
|-
| Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 2) || 10V DC || 0.85A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || MK-1633
| Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 2) || 10V DC || 0.85A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || MK-1633
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#e8f5e9;"| Group 6 – 7.5V DC, 4.0mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
| Sega Nomad || 10V DC || 0.85A || 4.75 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_positive.png|80px]] || MK-1633
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#d1c4e9;"| Group 8 – 10V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Negative
|-
| Nintendo Famicom (HVC) || 10V DC || 0.85A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || HVC-002
|-
| Nintendo Virtual Boy || 10V DC || 0.85A || 5.5 × 2.1mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || VUE-002
|}
Based on specifications from "The Console Power Supply Bible" (Classic Console Upscaler Wiki), used as source for voltage/amperage and polarity details.
 
* '''Sega Mega Drive 1 vs 2''': opposite polarity — swapping PSUs will fry the console ⚠
* '''9V vs 10V PSUs''': Many vintage power supplies were unregulated — a “9V” adapter could output 10–11V off-load. 
: For this reason, Atari Lynx (9V) and Sega 32X / Nomad / Mega Drive 2 (10V) supplies are effectively interchangeable. They are grouped together as '''9–10V''' to reflect this safe cross-compatibility.
 
=PSU Cross-Compatibility=
==Compatibility Key==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
! Symbol !! Meaning
|-
| style="background:#cfc"|✓ || Safe – barrel fits, voltage/polarity correct, PSU current ≥ system requirement
|-
| style="background:#ddd"|– || Underpowered – fits & matches, but PSU current too low
|-
| style="background:#f99"|✗ || Dangerous – wrong voltage and/or polarity
|}
 
==3.5 × 1.35 mm barrel==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ '''PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 3.5 × 1.35 mm barrel'''
! scope="col" style="background:#eee;"| System ▶ <br> PSU ▼
! style="background:#f1f8e9;"| ZX Spectrum (16/48K)
! style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Atari 7800
! style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Atari 2600 (VCS)
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#f1f8e9;"| ZX Spectrum (16/48K)
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Atari 7800
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#f1f8e9;"| Atari 2600 (VCS)
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
! Header colour
! Voltage / Polarity Group
|-
|-
| Sony PlayStation (PS1) || 7.5V DC || 2.0A || 4.0 × 1.7mm || [[File:power_center_negative.png|80px]] || SCPH-113
| style="background:#f1f8e9;"| 
| 9 V DC, centre-negative
|}
 
==4.0 × 1.7 mm barrel==
 
Only the Sony PlayStation (PS1) uses this connector. 
No cross-compatibility with other systems.
 
==4.75 × 1.7 mm barrel==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ '''PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 4.75 × 1.7 mm barrel'''
! scope="col" style="background:#eee;"| System ▶ <br> PSU ▼
! style="background:#fff3e0;"| Sega Game Gear
! style="background:#fce4ec;"| Atari Lynx
! style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega 32X
! style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega Mega Drive 2
! style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega Nomad
! style="background:#ede7f6;"| Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01)
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#fff3e0;"| Sega Game Gear
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Atari Lynx
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega 32X
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega Mega Drive 2
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#fce4ec;"| Sega Nomad
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#ddd"|–
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
| style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#ede7f6;"| Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01)
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#f99"|✗
| style="background:#cfc"|✓
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
! Header colour
! Voltage / Polarity Group
|-
| style="background:#fff3e0;"|
| 9 V DC, centre-negative (e.g., Sega Game Gear)
|-
| style="background:#fce4ec;"|
| 9–10 V DC, centre-positive (e.g., Lynx, MD2, Nomad, 32X)
|-
| style="background:#ede7f6;"|
| 6 V DC, centre-negative (e.g., Nintendo Game Boy DMG)
|}
 
==5.5 × 2.1 mm barrel==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
|+ '''PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 5.5 × 2.1 mm barrel'''
! scope="col" style="background:#eee;"| System ▶ <br> PSU ▼
! style="background:#c8e6c9; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Neo Geo AES
! style="background:#c8e6c9; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Neo Geo CD
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| ZX Spectrum +2/+3
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| NEC PC Engine Duo
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Sega Saturn
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Nintendo NES (PAL)
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Nintendo SNES (PAL)
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Atari Jaguar
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Sega CD
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Sega Master System
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Sega Mega Drive 1
! style="background:#e0f7fa; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| NEC PC Engine
! style="background:#d1c4e9; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Nintendo Famicom
! style="background:#d1c4e9; writing-mode: vertical-rl; transform: rotate(180deg);"| Nintendo Virtual Boy
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#c8e6c9;"| Neo Geo AES
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#c8e6c9;"| Neo Geo CD
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| ZX Spectrum +2/+3
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| NEC PC Engine Duo
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Sega Saturn
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Nintendo NES (PAL)
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Nintendo SNES (PAL)
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Atari Jaguar
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Sega CD
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Sega Master System
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| Sega Mega Drive 1
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#e0f7fa;"| NEC PC Engine
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#ddd"|–
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d1c4e9;"| Nintendo Famicom
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#d1c4e9;"| Nintendo Virtual Boy
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#f99"|✗
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|style="background:#cfc"|✓
|}
 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
! Header colour
! Voltage / Polarity Group
|-
| style="background:#c8e6c9;"| 
| 5 V DC, centre-positive
|-
| style="background:#e0f7fa;"| 
| 9 V DC, centre-negative
|-
| style="background:#d1c4e9;"|
| 10 V DC, centre-negative
|}
|}


==Notes==
=Notes & Warnings=
== Notes & Warnings ==
* '''Mega Drive 1 vs Mega Drive 2''' – opposite polarity; swapping PSUs will damage hardware.
* '''Nintendo PAL vs NTSC''' – PAL NES/SNES use 9V DC. NTSC NES uses 9V AC; NTSC SNES uses 10V AC. AC units are not compatible with DC supplies.
* '''Game Boy DMG''' – 6V DC centre-negative; not compatible with 9V power.
* '''General rule''' – PSU must meet or exceed system’s amp requirement; lower amps = underpowered.
 
=Common Dangerous Combinations=
For quick reference, here are the most critical power supply mistakes to avoid:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; text-align:left;"
! Mistake !! Why it’s dangerous
|-
| Mega Drive 1 PSU → Mega Drive 2 || Opposite polarity (centre-neg → centre-pos)
|-
| Mega Drive 2 / 32X / Nomad PSU → Mega Drive 1 || Opposite polarity (centre-pos → centre-neg)
|-
| Any 9V PSU → Game Boy DMG || Wrong voltage (needs 6V)
|-
| Any DC PSU → NTSC NES/SNES (AC) || Wrong type (AC vs DC)
|-
| 9V PSU → Neo Geo AES (later) / Neo Geo CD || Wrong voltage and polarity (needs 5V centre-positive)
|}


* '''Sega Mega Drive / Genesis Model 1 vs Model 2''' – Model 1 is centre-negative, Model 2 is centre-positive. Swapping these power supplies will damage the console.
== References ==
* '''Sega Saturn''' – uses the same barrel as Model 1 Mega Drive but requires more current (1.5A). A weaker PSU may boot the system but cause crashes.
<references />
* '''Sega Master System''' – compatible with Mega Drive Model 1 PSU (same voltage, current, and polarity).
* '''Sega Game Gear''' – draws a high current; cheap adapters often cause humming in the audio and unstable video.
* '''Super Nintendo (PAL)''' – uses 9V DC centre-negative. NTSC models often shipped with AC adapters instead of DC, making them incompatible with the PAL PSU group.
* '''Nintendo Entertainment System (PAL)''' – same as PAL SNES, but NTSC NES (US/Japan) typically shipped with a 9V AC PSU. Do not interchange with PAL systems.
* '''ZX Spectrum (16K/48K)''' – requires a regulated 9V DC centre-negative supply. Original Sinclair PSUs were unregulated and can output up to 14V off-load, risking damage to modern peripherals.
* '''ZX Spectrum +2 / +2A / +3''' – higher current draw (2.1A). A weaker Spectrum 48K PSU is not sufficient.
* '''Atari 2600 (VCS)''' – early units use a simple 9V DC centre-negative PSU at low current. Many modern replacements are compatible, but original adapters are prone to failure with age.
* '''Atari 7800''' – same barrel size and polarity as Atari 2600 but requires more current (1.0A). A 2600 PSU may power it but risk instability.
* '''Atari Lynx (Model 1 and Model 2)''' – both require 9V DC centre-positive. Using a centre-negative adapter (e.g. Spectrum, Master System, Mega Drive Model 1) will damage the system.
* '''Game Boy (DMG-01)''' – uses a 6V DC PSU, centre-negative. Do not use 9V adapters intended for other Nintendo or Sega consoles.
* '''Sony PlayStation (PS1)''' – requires 7.5V DC at 2.0A. Using 9V adapters directly can overheat or damage the console. The barrel plug (4.0 × 1.7mm) is smaller than most Sega/Nintendo connectors and not interchangeable.
* '''General note on amperage''' – it is safe to use a PSU rated at a higher current (A) than required, but never lower. Voltage and polarity must always match.

Latest revision as of 16:38, 2 September 2025

Using Barrel Power Supplies Safely

Warning: Using the wrong PSU can irreparably damage your hardware.

Many retro consoles and computers used simple barrel-type power connectors, but voltages, currents, and polarity standards varied widely between manufacturers. While some systems can safely share power supplies, others use opposite polarity or different voltage requirements that can cause permanent damage if mixed.

The compatibility matrices below group systems by connector size and clearly show which combinations are safe, underpowered, or dangerous. Always consult the tables rather than assuming compatibility.

Power Adapter Information

Power Supply Barrel Connector Table[1]
System Voltage Current Barrel Size Polarity Official PSU Model
Group 1 – 5V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Positive
Neo Geo AES (later PRO-POW-3 / E) 5V DC 3.0A 5.5 × 2.1mm PRO-POW-3 / PRO-POW-E
Neo Geo CD (Front & Top Loader) 5V DC 3.0A 5.5 × 2.1mm Neo Geo CD PSU
Group 2 – 6V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01) 6V DC 0.7A 4.75 × 1.7mm DMG-03 / MGB-005
Group 3 – 7.5V DC, 4.0mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
Sony PlayStation (PS1) 7.5V DC 2.0A 4.0 × 1.7mm SCPH-113
Group 4 – 9V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Negative
ZX Spectrum +2 / +2A / +3 9V DC 2.1A 5.5 × 2.1mm Sinclair PSU (various OEM)
NEC PC Engine Duo / TurboDuo 9V DC 1.5A 5.5 × 2.1mm DUO-AC
Sega Saturn 9V DC 1.5A 5.5 × 2.1mm MK-2103
Nintendo NES (PAL) 9V DC 1.3A 5.5 × 2.1mm NES-002E
Nintento SNES (PAL) 9V DC 1.3A 5.5 × 2.1mm SNSP-002E(FRG)
Atari Jaguar / Jaguar CD 9V DC 1.2A 5.5 × 2.1mm PA-1400 / MK-4120
Sega CD (Model 1 & 2) 9V DC 1.2A 5.5 × 2.1mm MK-1602
Sega Master System 9V DC 1.2A 5.5 × 2.1mm MK-3025
Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 1) 9V DC 1.2A 5.5 × 2.1mm MK-1602-05
NEC PC Engine / CoreGrafx / TurboGrafx-16 9V DC 0.85A 5.5 × 2.1mm HES-ACA-01 / Turbo AC Adapter
Group 5 – 9V DC, 3.5mm × 1.35mm, Centre Negative
ZX Spectrum (16/48K) 9V DC 1.4A 3.5 × 1.35mm Sinclair PSU
Atari 7800 9V DC 1.0A 3.5 × 1.35mm C018187
Atari 2600 (VCS) 9V DC 0.5A 3.5 × 1.35mm C017945
Group 6 – 9V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Negative
Sega Game Gear 9V DC 1.2A 4.75 × 1.7mm MK-2103 (shared PSU with Saturn in some regions)
Group 7 – 9–10V DC, 4.75mm × 1.7mm, Centre Positive (see note)
Atari Lynx (Model 1) 9V DC 1.0A 4.75 × 1.7mm PA-1400
Atari Lynx (Model 2) 9V DC 1.0A 4.75 × 1.7mm PA-1400
Sega 32X 10V DC 0.85A 4.75 × 1.7mm MK-1633
Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (Model 2) 10V DC 0.85A 4.75 × 1.7mm MK-1633
Sega Nomad 10V DC 0.85A 4.75 × 1.7mm MK-1633
Group 8 – 10V DC, 5.5mm × 2.1mm, Centre Negative
Nintendo Famicom (HVC) 10V DC 0.85A 5.5 × 2.1mm HVC-002
Nintendo Virtual Boy 10V DC 0.85A 5.5 × 2.1mm VUE-002

Based on specifications from "The Console Power Supply Bible" (Classic Console Upscaler Wiki), used as source for voltage/amperage and polarity details.

  • Sega Mega Drive 1 vs 2: opposite polarity — swapping PSUs will fry the console ⚠
  • 9V vs 10V PSUs: Many vintage power supplies were unregulated — a “9V” adapter could output 10–11V off-load.
For this reason, Atari Lynx (9V) and Sega 32X / Nomad / Mega Drive 2 (10V) supplies are effectively interchangeable. They are grouped together as 9–10V to reflect this safe cross-compatibility.

PSU Cross-Compatibility

Compatibility Key

Symbol Meaning
✓ Safe – barrel fits, voltage/polarity correct, PSU current ≥ system requirement
– Underpowered – fits & matches, but PSU current too low
✗ Dangerous – wrong voltage and/or polarity

3.5 × 1.35 mm barrel

PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 3.5 × 1.35 mm barrel
System ▶
PSU ▼ 		ZX Spectrum (16/48K) Atari 7800 Atari 2600 (VCS)
ZX Spectrum (16/48K) ✓ ✓ ✓
Atari 7800 – ✓ ✓
Atari 2600 (VCS) – – ✓


Header colour Voltage / Polarity Group
9 V DC, centre-negative

4.0 × 1.7 mm barrel

Only the Sony PlayStation (PS1) uses this connector. No cross-compatibility with other systems.

4.75 × 1.7 mm barrel

PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 4.75 × 1.7 mm barrel
System ▶
PSU ▼ 		Sega Game Gear Atari Lynx Sega 32X Sega Mega Drive 2 Sega Nomad Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01)
Sega Game Gear ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Atari Lynx ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Sega 32X ✗ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Sega Mega Drive 2 ✗ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Sega Nomad ✗ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗
Nintendo Game Boy (DMG-01) ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓


Header colour Voltage / Polarity Group
9 V DC, centre-negative (e.g., Sega Game Gear)
9–10 V DC, centre-positive (e.g., Lynx, MD2, Nomad, 32X)
6 V DC, centre-negative (e.g., Nintendo Game Boy DMG)

5.5 × 2.1 mm barrel

PSU Cross-Compatibility Matrix — 5.5 × 2.1 mm barrel
System ▶
PSU ▼ 		Neo Geo AES Neo Geo CD ZX Spectrum +2/+3 NEC PC Engine Duo Sega Saturn Nintendo NES (PAL) Nintendo SNES (PAL) Atari Jaguar Sega CD Sega Master System Sega Mega Drive 1 NEC PC Engine Nintendo Famicom Nintendo Virtual Boy
Neo Geo AES ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Neo Geo CD ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
ZX Spectrum +2/+3 ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
NEC PC Engine Duo ✗ ✗ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sega Saturn ✗ ✗ – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Nintendo NES (PAL) ✗ ✗ – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Nintendo SNES (PAL) ✗ ✗ – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Atari Jaguar ✗ ✗ – – – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sega CD ✗ ✗ – – – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sega Master System ✗ ✗ – – – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
Sega Mega Drive 1 ✗ ✗ – – – – – ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗
NEC PC Engine ✗ ✗ – – – – – – – – – ✓ ✗ ✗
Nintendo Famicom ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓
Nintendo Virtual Boy ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓


Header colour Voltage / Polarity Group
5 V DC, centre-positive
9 V DC, centre-negative
10 V DC, centre-negative

Notes & Warnings

  • Mega Drive 1 vs Mega Drive 2 – opposite polarity; swapping PSUs will damage hardware.
  • Nintendo PAL vs NTSC – PAL NES/SNES use 9V DC. NTSC NES uses 9V AC; NTSC SNES uses 10V AC. AC units are not compatible with DC supplies.
  • Game Boy DMG – 6V DC centre-negative; not compatible with 9V power.
  • General rule – PSU must meet or exceed system’s amp requirement; lower amps = underpowered.

Common Dangerous Combinations

For quick reference, here are the most critical power supply mistakes to avoid:

Mistake Why it’s dangerous
Mega Drive 1 PSU → Mega Drive 2 Opposite polarity (centre-neg → centre-pos)
Mega Drive 2 / 32X / Nomad PSU → Mega Drive 1 Opposite polarity (centre-pos → centre-neg)
Any 9V PSU → Game Boy DMG Wrong voltage (needs 6V)
Any DC PSU → NTSC NES/SNES (AC) Wrong type (AC vs DC)
9V PSU → Neo Geo AES (later) / Neo Geo CD Wrong voltage and polarity (needs 5V centre-positive)

References

  1. ↑ Based on specifications from Console Power Supply Bible, used as source for voltage, amperage, and polarity details.
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